해외건설안전 위험성평가 (Risk Assessment) 양식 사용방법

여러분 안녕하세요. 오늘은 해외건설현장의 위험성평가 기법과 현장 적용에 대한 부분을 포스팅 해드립니다. 

 

 

 

 

 

국내 현장에서는 위험성평가라고 하여 모든 현장에서 실시를 하고 있습니다.

 

국내 현장의 위험성 평가란 말그대로 주간공정회의 시간에 협력업체와 오손도손 모여서 차주 일어날 작업에 대한 부분을 이야기하고 예상되는 위험성에 대하여 대책방안을 수립하여 회의록을 작성하면 끝입니다. 

 

사실 국내 현장의 위험성평가는 위험성평가의 가장 간소화 버전으로만 진행되고 있다고 말씀을 드릴 수 있을 것 같습니다. 

 

그렇다면 해외 현장의 경우 어떤 절차를 가지고 위험성평가, Risk Assessment를 진행하는지 알아보도록 하겠습니다. 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Risk Assessment Procedure 작성

우선 해외 현장의 경우 현장 부임시 가장 먼저 발주처로부터 요청 받는 Procedure가 바로 Risk Assessment Procedure 입니다. 

 

Hazard Identification Procedure라고도 부르며, 보통은 줄여서 RA 라고 합니다.

 

Risk Assessment Procedure의 가장 중요한 내용은 바로 언제 어떤 포인트에서 위험성 평가를 실시할 것이냐는 점입니다. 그래서 대부분의 Risk Assessment Procedure에는 업무 프로세스의 Flow Chart가 포함됩니다. 

 

시공팀에서 작성한 WMS (Work Method Statement)를 리뷰하고 승인하는 과정에서 현장에서 기 작성된 Risk Assessment Procedure의 절차에 따라 위험성을 검토하여 승인한다는 내용이 항상 들어가게 됩니다. 

 

Risk Assessment Procedure의 기본 Tempalte는 아래와 같습니다. 

 

 

 

혹시나 필요하신 분들을 위해 template를 첨부해서 올려드립니다. (*무료제공)

 

 

 

risk-assessment-form.doc

0.06MB

 

 

 

 

해외공사에서는 국내 공사에서 실시하는 위험성평가와는 상당히 다른 Agenda와 Process로 진행된다는 것을 볼 수 있습니다. 

 

실제로 발주처에서도 매주 HSE Meeting시에는 실제 현장에서 적용되는 Risk Assessment의 내용을 리뷰하여 그 피드백을 전달하는 것으로 미팅을 시작합니다. 

 

 

 

 

 

Risk Assessment Definition

 

▶ Accident Scenario - A sequence of events that results in undesirable consequences. An incident with

specific safety consequences or impacts.

 

 

 

▶ Administrative Control - A procedural requirement for directing and/or checking engineered systems

or human performance associated with plant operations.

 

 

 

▶ As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP) - Expresses that the risk level is reduced, through a

documented and systematic process, so far that no further cost effective measure is identified. Note:

The requirement to establish a cost effective solution implies that risk reduction is implemented until

the cost of further risk reduction is grossly disproportional to the risk reducing effect.

 

 

 

▶ Best Practice - In the context of these guidelines, best practice refers to standards/procedures for

controlling risk above the level provided by the application of good practice.

 

 

 

▶ Consequence - The direct, undesirable result of an accident scenario usually involving a fire,

explosion, or release of toxic material. Consequence descriptions may be qualitative or quantitative

estimates of the effects of an accident in terms of factors such as harm to people, economic loss, and

equipment damage.

 

 

 

▶ Consequence Analysis - The study of the possible extent (footprint) of harmful effects of potential

incidents, e.g. calculation of the size of the flammable region of a vapor cloud following a gas release /

spill.

 

 

 

▶ Event - An occurrence related to equipment performance or human action, or an occurrence external

to the system that causes system upset. In this document an event is either the cause of or a

contributor to an incident or accident, or is a response to an accident's initiating event.

 

 

 

▶ Event Tree Analysis (ETA) - A logic model that graphically portrays the combinations of events and

circumstances in an accident scenario, which result from an initiating event (normally equipment or

piping failure).

 

 

 

▶ External Event - Event external to the system/plant caused by (1) a natural hazard such as:

earthquake, flood, tornado, extreme temperature, lightning, etc., or (2) a human induced event such

as: aircraft crash, missile, nearby industrial activity, fire, sabotage, EOD, etc.

 

 

 

▶ Failure Mode - A symptom, condition, or fashion in which hardware fails. A failure mode might be

identified as loss of function; spurious trip function (function without demand); an out-of-tolerance

condition; or a simple physical characteristic such as a leak.

 

 

 

▶ Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA) - A systematic, tabular method for evaluating and

documenting the causes and effects of known types of component failures.

 

 

 

▶ Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) - Deductive technique that focuses on one particular accident or main

system failure, and provides a method for determining causes of that event. FTA is a graphical model

that displays the various combinations of equipment failure and human error that can result in the main

system failure of interest (called the top event).

 

 

 

▶ Frequency - The number of occurrences per unit time (usually a year) at which observed events occur

or are predicted to occur 

 

 

 

▶ Good Practice - In the context of these guidelines, good practice refers to standards/procedures for

controlling risk which have been judged and recognized by KOC as satisfying all the requirements

when applied to a particular case in an appropriate manner. In this sense, written good practice is that

contained in KOC standards and other engineering standards produced by globally recognized

organizations such as: NFPA, API, ISO, etc.

 

 

 

▶ Harm - Physical injury or damage to health, property or the environment

 

 

 

▶ Hazard - An inherent physical or chemical characteristic that has the potential for causing harm to

people, property, or the environment. In this procedure it is the combination of a hazardous material,

an operating environment, and certain unplanned events that could result in an incident.

 

 

 

▶ Hazard Identification - The pinpointing of material, system, process, and plant characteristics that

can produce undesirable consequences through the occurrence of an accident.

 

 

 

▶ Hazard and Operability (HAZOP) Study - A systematic method in which process hazards and

potential operating problems are identified using a series of guide words to investigate process

deviations.

 

 

 

▶ Hazard Checklist - An experience-based list of hazards, potential accident situations, or other

process safety concerns used to stimulate the identification of hazardous situations for a process or

operation.

 

 

 

▶ Initiating Event - The first event in an event sequence. Can result in an accident unless protective

systems or human actions intervene to prevent or mitigate the accident.

 

 

 

▶ Likelihood - A measure of the expected probability or frequency of an event's occurrence.

 

 

 

▶ Process Hazard Analysis (PHA) - The analysis of the significance of hazardous situations associated

with a process or activity. Uses qualitative and quantitative techniques to pinpoint weaknesses in the

design and operation of facilities that could lead to accidents.

 

 

 

▶ Process Safety Audit - An inspection of a plant or process unit, drawings, procedures, emergency

plans, and/or management systems, etc., usually by an independent, impartial team and usually

problem-solving in nature. 

 

 

 

▶ Process Safety Management (PSM) - The application of management principles and systems to the

identification, understanding, and control of process hazards to ensure the safety of process facilities,

and protect employees, facility assets, and the environment.

 

 

 

▶ Quantitative Risk Assessment (QRA) - The process of hazard identification, followed by numerical

evaluation of consequences and frequencies, and their combination into an overall measure of risk.

QRA is based on the application of engineering evaluation and mathematical techniques. Ordinarily

applied to accident scenarios and is related to Probabilistic Risk Assessment (PRA) used in the

nuclear industry.

 

 

 

▶ Residual Risk - The risk remaining after controls have been applied to associated hazards that have

been identified, quantified to the maximum practicable, analyzed, communicated to the proper level of

management and tolerated after proper evaluation.

 

 

 

▶ Risk - The risk associated with an event is defined as the product of the likelihood of the event and the

magnitude (severity) of the outcome of that event. The likelihood is defined in terms of the annual

frequency of the outcome. The magnitude of the outcome is defined as the number of fatalities caused

by the event. The risk is the product of these quantities and is expressed in terms of fatalities per year. 

Note that the calculated risk is linear with respect to both frequency and number of fatalities. Public

and media response to incidents shows significant aversion to accidents involving multiple fatalities.

Therefore events which may be estimated to give the same numerical risk may give rise to very

different levels of public and media concern and/or impact on Company reputation.

 

 

 

▶ Location Specific Individual Risk (LSIR)

Location Specific Individual Risk (LSIR) provides a measure of the inherent hazard associated

with different geographic locations within a plant or facility.  The basis for the calculation of the

location specific risk is that each target location considered is permanently inhabited by a single

individual.  The LSIR is evaluated (typically) at points on an orthogonal grid covering the area of

interest. The calculated risks are typically presented as iso-risk contours, which provide an

easily understood graphical presentation of the risks. LSIR contours are indicative of the

potential magnitude or intensity of the risk, but the risks will only be realised at a given location if

personnel will be present at that location 24/7. LSIR only considers those sources of risks which

themselves have fixed locations. LSIR does not therefore take account of transportation risks,

occupational risks, etc. 

 

 

 

▶ Individual Risk (IR or IRPA)

Individual Risk (IR or IRPA) is determined on a case by case basis for each individual working

on a plant or facility. In practice there is insufficient definition in the data which defines the

durations for which people will be exposed and locations at which they will be exposed.

Calculations are therefore undertaken for representative work groups rather than for every

individual. The process contribution to the individual risk for a specified work group is evaluated as the time weighted average of the LSIR values determined at each of the locations at which

the work group will spend time. Risk contributions due to transport and occupational risk are

also accounted for. Where personnel remain on the plant during their off shift risk contributions

for this period are also taken into account.

 

 

 

▶ Potential Loss of Life (PLL)

Potential Loss of Life (PLL) is derived from the workgroup’s IR estimates. The PLL for each

workgroup is the product of the workgroup IR and the number of members of the workgroup.

Where both day and night shifts will be utilised both will contribute to PLL.  Rotations are also

accounted for. PLL can be evaluated in terms of fatalities per year, but may also be expressed

in terms of total fatalities over the design life of the facility. Where the difference in PLL

between two design options is required (for example as part of an ALARP demonstration) this is

usually evaluated over the life of the plant since this facilitates cost benefit calculations. 

 

 

 

▶ Cumulative Frequency vs. Number of Fatalities (F-N)

Cumulative Frequency vs. Number of Fatalities (F-N), also called Societal Risk, is an F-N plot

that plots the cumulative frequency (F) of events resulting in N or more fatalities against N.

Because of the way the plot is defined the maximum value of F corresponds to the smallest

value of N and vice-versa. F therefore plots as a decreasing function of N. The F-N curve

provides information with respect to the distribution of risk between events resulting in small

numbers of fatalities and events resulting in large numbers of fatalities.

 

 

 

▶ Risk Assessment - Overall process of risk analysis and risk evaluation, which consists of deciding

whether or not the risk is tolerable.

 

 

 

▶ Risk Control - Process of decision-making for managing and/or reducing risk; its implementation,

enforcement and re-evaluation from time to time, using the results of risk assessment as one input.

 

 

 

▶ Risk Estimation - Process used to produce a measure of the level of risks being analyzed. Risk

estimation consists of frequency analysis, consequence modelling, and integration of frequency and

consequences.

 

 

 

▶ Risk Evaluation - Process in which judgments are made on the tolerability of the risk on the basis of

risk analysis and taking into account factors such as socio-economic and environmental aspects.

 

 

 

▶ Risk Management - The systematic application of management policies, procedures and practices to

the tasks of analyzing, evaluating and controlling safety risk in order to protect employees, the general

public, and company assets

 

 

 

▶ Risk Measures - Ways of combining and expressing information on likelihood with the magnitude of

loss or injury (e.g., risk indexes, individual risk measures, and societal risk measures).

 

 

 

▶ Risk Reduction Measure - A specific hardware, software system, or administrative control designed

to maintain a process within safe operating limits, to safely shut it down in the event of a process

upset, or to reduce human exposure to the effects of an upset.

 

 

 

▶ Risk Tolerability Criteria - Criteria that are used to express a risk level that is considered tolerable for

the activity in question. Note: Risk Tolerability Criteria are used in relation to risk assessment and

express the level of risk which will be tolerable for the activity. It is the starting point for further risk

reduction according to the ALARP principle. It may be qualitative or quantitative.

 

 

 

▶ Safety - Freedom from intolerable risk.

 

 

 

▶ Societal Risk - The relationship between frequency and the number of people suffering from a specified level of harm in a given population from the realization of specified hazards.

 

 

 

▶ Tolerable Risk - Risk that has been reduced to a level that can be endured by KOC.

 

 

 

▶ Worst Case Scenario - A conservative (high) estimate of the consequences of the most severe

accident scenario identified.